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Geant4 Support

SolidStateDetectors.jl provides an extension for Geant4.jl. The extension allows users to generate realistic event distributions resulting from particles emitted by a specified source, which could then in turn also be used as input for a waveform simulation.

To use the extension, both SolidStateDetectors and Geant4 have to be loaded.

using SolidStateDetectors
using Geant4

In order to run Geant4 simulations, a Geant4.G4JLApplication needs to be defined, which needs to include both the detector geometry and the particle source. The extension features a function that creates a Geant4.G4JLApplication object from a SSD Simulation object and a particle source.

using Plots
using ArraysOfArrays, Unitful

Two types of particle source are pre-defined in SolidStateDetectors:

1. MonoenergeticSource

This source emits particles with a fixed type and energy.

source_1 = MonoenergeticSource(
    "gamma",                              # Type of particle beam
    2.615u"MeV",                          # Energy of particle
    CartesianPoint(0.065, 0., 0.05),      # Location of the source
    CartesianVector(-1,0,0),              # Direction of the source
    10u"°"                                # Opening angle of the source emission
)
MonoenergeticSource("gamma", 2.615 MeV, CartesianPoint{Float64}(0.065, 0.0, 0.05), [-1.0, 0.0, 0.0], 10°)
  • The particle type is given as a string (e.g. "e-" or "gamma") and directly passed to Geant4. See the Geant4 documentation on how to name the desired particle type.
  • The energy of the emitted particles is passed as a number with the required unit.
  • The position of the particle source relative to the origin is defined by a CartesianPoint (in units of m).
  • The source emits particles in a given direction, specified by a CartesianVector object. If the user provides no direction, the emission will be isotropic.
  • If an opening_angle is provided, the particles are emitted in a directed cone with the specified opening angle.

2. IsotopeSource

This source emits particles based on the radioactive decay chain of a given isotope.

source_2 = IsotopeSource(
    82,                                # Number of protons
    212,                               # Total number of nucleons
    0.0,                               # Excitation energy
    0.0,                               # Ion charge
    CartesianPoint(0.06, 0, 0.05),     # Location of the source
    CartesianVector(-1,0,0),           # Direction of the source
    10u"°"                             # Opening angle of the source emission
)
IsotopeSource(82, 212, 0.0, 0.0, CartesianPoint{Float64}(0.06, 0.0, 0.05), [-1.0, 0.0, 0.0], 10°)

The source is defined using

  • The number of protons Z and the number of nucleons A in the isotope.
  • The excitation energy
  • The charge of the isotope
  • The position, direction and opening angle from the source can be defined in the same way as for a MonoenergeticSource

The particle source can now be plotted together with the detector, as well as the direction in which particles are emitted.

T = Float32
sim = Simulation{T}(SSD_examples[:InvertedCoaxInCryostat])
plot(sim.detector, size = (500,500))
plot!(source_1)
[ Info: No charge drift model specified. Using default ElectricFieldChargeDriftModel.

detector

A Geant4.G4JLApplication is built from a SSD Simulation sim and one of the previously defined particle sources, e.g. source_1.

Internally, the translated geometry description is written to a temporary GDML file. This file will in turn be read in by Geant4.jl and deleted afterwards. However, if needed, the resulting GDML file can also be saved by using the Geant4.G4JLDetector(sim, "output_filename.gdml", save_gdml = true) function.

app = G4JLApplication(sim, source_1, verbose = false);

Having defined a G4JLApplication, it is now possible to generate events using the run_geant4_simulation function. The function will continue running until the desired number of energy depositions have been recorded.

N_events = 50000
events = run_geant4_simulation(app, N_events)
Table with 5 columns and 50000 rows:
      evtno  detno                 thit                  edep                  ⋯
    ┌───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 1  │ 1      Int32[1, 1, 1, 1, 1…  Quantity{Float32, 𝐓…  Quantity{Float32, 𝐋…  ⋯
 2  │ 2      Int32[1, 1, 1, 1, 1…  Quantity{Float32, 𝐓…  Quantity{Float32, 𝐋…  ⋯
 3  │ 3      Int32[1, 1, 1, 1, 1…  Quantity{Float32, 𝐓…  Quantity{Float32, 𝐋…  ⋯
 4  │ 4      Int32[1, 1, 1, 1, 1…  Quantity{Float32, 𝐓…  Quantity{Float32, 𝐋…  ⋯
 5  │ 5      Int32[1, 1, 1, 1, 1…  Quantity{Float32, 𝐓…  Quantity{Float32, 𝐋…  ⋯
 6  │ 6      Int32[1, 1, 1, 1, 1…  Quantity{Float32, 𝐓…  Quantity{Float32, 𝐋…  ⋯
 7  │ 7      Int32[1, 1, 1, 1, 1]  Quantity{Float32, 𝐓…  Quantity{Float32, 𝐋…  ⋯
 8  │ 8      Int32[1, 1, 1, 1, 1…  Quantity{Float32, 𝐓…  Quantity{Float32, 𝐋…  ⋯
 9  │ 9      Int32[1, 1, 1, 1, 1…  Quantity{Float32, 𝐓…  Quantity{Float32, 𝐋…  ⋯
 10 │ 10     Int32[1, 1, 1, 1, 1…  Quantity{Float32, 𝐓…  Quantity{Float32, 𝐋…  ⋯
 11 │ 11     Int32[1, 1, 1, 1, 1…  Quantity{Float32, 𝐓…  Quantity{Float32, 𝐋…  ⋯
 12 │ 12     Int32[1, 1, 1, 1, 1…  Quantity{Float32, 𝐓…  Quantity{Float32, 𝐋…  ⋯
 13 │ 13     Int32[1, 1, 1, 1, 1…  Quantity{Float32, 𝐓…  Quantity{Float32, 𝐋…  ⋯
 14 │ 14     Int32[1, 1, 1, 1, 1…  Quantity{Float32, 𝐓…  Quantity{Float32, 𝐋…  ⋯
 15 │ 15     Int32[1, 1, 1, 1, 1…  Quantity{Float32, 𝐓…  Quantity{Float32, 𝐋…  ⋯
 16 │ 16     Int32[1, 1, 1, 1, 1…  Quantity{Float32, 𝐓…  Quantity{Float32, 𝐋…  ⋯
 17 │ 17     Int32[1, 1, 1, 1, 1…  Quantity{Float32, 𝐓…  Quantity{Float32, 𝐋…  ⋯
 ⋮  │   ⋮             ⋮                     ⋮                     ⋮            ⋱

Each entry of the table corresponds to one event and consists of five fields:

  • evtno: Event number
  • detno: Index of the detector where the energy was deposited
  • thit: Time of the interaction
  • edep: Amount of energy that was deposited in the detector
  • pos: Position where the interaction happened

By extracting the position of each energy deposition from events, the spatial distribution of the events inside the detector can be visualized:

plot(sim.detector, show_passives = false, size = (500,500), fmt = :png)
plot!(source_1)
plot!(flatview(events[1:1000].pos), ms = 0.5, msw = 0, color=:black, label = "")

events

The output of run_geant4_simulation can be stored using the LegendHDF5IO package:

using LegendHDF5IO

lh5open("simulation_output.lh5", "w") do h
    LegendHDF5IO.writedata(h.data_store, "SimulationData", events)
end

events_in = lh5open("simulation_output.lh5", "r") do h
    LegendHDF5IO.readdata(h.data_store, "SimulationData")
end

In order to visualize the energy spectrum of the events in a histogram, the following code can be used:

using StatsBase
h = fit(Histogram, ustrip.(u"keV", sum.(events.edep)), Weights(fill(10,length(events.edep))), 0:10:3000)
plot(h, title = "Energy spectrum", bins = 500, yscale = :log10, st = :step, label = "")
xlims!(0,3000, xlabel = "E in keV", ylabel = "counts")

spectrum

Now that a realistic event distribution has been generated, it can be used as input for the waveform simulation. To perform the waveform simulation, the detectors electric field and weighting potential have to be calculated first.

sim.detector = SolidStateDetector(sim.detector, ADLChargeDriftModel(T=T))
calculate_electric_potential!(sim, refinement_limits = [0.4,0.2,0.1,0.06], verbose = false)
calculate_electric_field!(sim, n_points_in_φ = 10)
calculate_weighting_potential!(sim, 1, refinement_limits = [0.4,0.2,0.1,0.06], verbose = false)

The previously generated events from the Geant4 simulation can now be used as input for the simulate_waveforms function:

wf = simulate_waveforms(events[1:100], sim, Δt = 1u"ns", signal_unit = u"keV", max_nsteps = 2000)
plot(wf[1:20].waveform, label = "")
[ Info: Detector has 2 contacts
[ Info: Table has 100 physics events (3980 single charge depositions).

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[ Info: Generating waveforms...

waveforms

We can add some baseline and tail to the pulses to match their lengths (in this case to 2000ns):

w = add_baseline_and_extend_tail.(wf.waveform, 100, 2000)
plot(w[1:20], label = "")

wf_and_amplitude

The electric field calculated with SolidStateDetectors.jl can also be passed to the G4JLApplication via the field keyword argument to include it in the Geant4 simulation

app = G4JLApplication(sim, source_1, field = G4JLElectricField(sim), verbose = false)
events_ef = run_geant4_simulation(app, N_events)
stephist(sum.(events.edep), bins = 2614.7:0.005:2615.3, label = "Excluding electric field\nin Geant4")
stephist!(sum.(events_ef.edep), bins = 2614.7:0.005:2615.3, label = "Including electric field\nin Geant4")
xlims!(2614.7,2615.3, xlabel = "E", unitformat = " in ", ylabel = "counts", title = "Energy spectrum")
ylims!(0,580, legend = :topleft)

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spectrum_electric_field

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